One Liner Extension Education
1. The word Extension used first and Extension activity was started first time in USA.
2. In India, the study of extension as a course study first started at Sabour, Bihar in 1955.
3. J. P. Leagans of USA is known as the “Father of Extension” whereas, Dr. K.N. Singh is known as “Father of Extension” in the Indian context.
4. The word Extension is derived from Latin word ‘ex’ meaning ‘out’ and ‘tensio’ meaning ‘stretching’.
5. Principle of extension education is “learning by doing.”
6. The word “learning by doing” was coined by John Dewey in 1966.
7. Extension education is a type of non-formal education.
8. Non-formal education happens outside of the formal school system. It is also known as community education, Adult education, Lifelong education and second-chance education.
9. Extension education is a Bi-directional learning process or two-way learning. Teaching is mainly horizontal and there is large and heterogeneous audience.
10. According to Wilson and Gallup (1955) steps in teaching learning process are: AIDCAS
• Attention
• Interest
• Desire
• Conviction
• Action
• Satisfaction
11. Based on use and nature of contact, Extension teaching methods are (i) Individual contact method (ii) Group contact method (iii) Mass or community contact method.
12. Mass communication is used to deliver quick information about new agricultural technology to the farmers/people. Bulletins, Leaflet/Pamphlet, Newspaper Magazine, Journal, Exhibition, TV, Radio, Circular Letter, Posters, Cinema, Drama etc.
13. Group contact method (2-30 people) includes Symposium (2-5 spacers), Panel (2-8 speakers), Discussion, Lecture, Tour & field days, Method Demonstration, Meeting, Role Playing, Puppet Show, Slide, Conference, Seminar, Training Camp, and Flash Cards etc.
14. Individual or Personal Method is very effective method as face to face or person to person contact is established. It includes farm & home visit, telephone call and Result Demonstration.
15. Examples of Audio aids are Radio, Tape recorder.
16. Visual aids are flash cards, overhead projector, slides etc.
17. Audio-visual aids are TV, drama, Puppet, Cinema etc.
18. Etawah pilot project was started by Albert Mayor in 1948 at mahewa village of Etawah district in UP.
19. Community development programme (CDP) was later started due to success of Etawah pilot project, that’s why Etawah pilot project was called forerunner of CDP.
20. Etawah pilot project is also called “Average District plan”. Village level worker (VLW) was constituted under this project.
21. High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was started in 1966-67 to increase the productivity of food grains and attain self-sufficiency in food.
22. HYVP was adopted along with application of high analysis fertilizers, plant protection, irrigation and improved implements. Ultimately Green Revolution occurred.
23. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) was recommended by Mohan Singh Mehta committee and 1st KVK was established in 1974 at Puducherry.
24. At present 731 KVK are in India.
25. KVK is also known as farm science center.
26. The success of KVK is attributed to Chandrika Prasad.
27. Main functions of KVK: impart training to farmers and agricultural extension officers, conduct on farm testing of new technology, first line demonstration on farmers’ field, resource and knowledge base.
28. Lab to Land programme was started by ICAR.
29. National Academy of Agriculture Research Management (NAARM) is located at- Hyderabad.
30. Training and Visit system (T & V) was introduced in India in 1974. The system was developed by Daniel Benor (Expert of World Bank).
31. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched during 6th five-year plan in 1978 by GOI and implemented in 1980.
32. The main objective of IRDP was employment to poor.
33. Community development programme (CDP) was launched on 2 October 1952. The basic idea of CDP was borrowed from USA.
34. Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) was launched in 2005-06 with objective to strengthen “Research-extension-farmer linkage”.
35. ATMA coordinates activities of different agencies involved in technology dissemination, adoption at/under district level.
36. District Magistrate is appointed as chairperson of the ATMA governing board.
37. Funding pattern in ATMA between center & state is in the ratio of 90:10.
38. Kisan Call Center was launched on January 21, 2004 to address the farmers’ queries. Countrywide common 11-digit toll free number is 1800-180-1551.
39. On Kisan call center, replies to farmer queries are given in 22- local languages from 6.00 AM to 10.00 PM on all seven days of week at 14-different locations.
40. Panchayati Raj system (3-tier) was recommended by Balwant Rai Mehta committee; while, 2-tier Panchayati Raj system was proposed by Ashok Mehta committee.
41. 3-tier system is namely (i) Gram Panchayat at the village level (ii) Panchayat Samiti at the block level (iii) Zila Parishad at the district level.
42. Balwant Rai Mehta is known as Architect of the Panchayati Raj system of India.
43. National Panchayati Raj day- 24 April.
44. National Demonstration project of ICAR on food crops was launched in 1964.
45. Fundamental principle of Demonstration is learning by seeing and doing.
46. Concept of Demonstration was given by Dr. Seeman A. Knapp in 1885. He is called as “Father of Method Demonstration”.
47. Method Demonstration is the oldest and short type of demonstration which provides technical information only. It is a single practice demonstration (like how to operate tractor) and does not show comparison between old and new technology.
48. Result Demonstration is long type and very effective demonstration which shows the value of a new method or technology, it means comparative study of old and new technology shown.
49. “Seeing is believing” is the principle of Result Demonstration hence very effective in adoption of new technology/process/method.
50. National or Composite Demonstration (Integrated form of Method and Result Demonstration) was first started in 1965 by the ministry of food & agriculture which later handed over to ICAR in 1967.
51. Composite demonstration is also called first line or front-line demonstration and is done by the Researchers on the farmers’ field.
52. Basic objective of National Demonstration is “how to increase production per unit time and per unit area”.
53. The process of influencing people to direct their efforts towards the attainment of particular goal is called Leadership.
54. Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels overtime among the members of a social system. Here messages are concerned with new ideas.
55. An innovation is an idea, practice or objective that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption. It may be new variety or breed or techniques etc.
56. According to Rogers (1962), adoption is mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an innovation to final adoption.
57. Stages of Adoption Process: Awareness——Interest—–Evaluation——Trial——-Adoption.
58. Adoption process has four components: (1) Innovation (2) Diffusion (3) Motivation (4) Adoption.
59. There are five categories of Adopters namely, (1) Innovators (2) Early Adopters (3) Early majority (4) Late majority (5) Laggards.
60. Innovators are the first to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take risk, youngest in age, having highest social class and clearness and have closest contact to scientific sources. They constitute only 2.5% of the total number in India. Innovators are also known as venturesome.
61. Early adopters are 2nd fastest category who adopts an innovation and they are only 13.5% of total number. Such individuals adopt through local leaders and are also called Respectable.
62. Early majority adopters constitute only 34%. Such individuals adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time. Also known as Deliberate.
63. Late majority also constitutes 34% of total number. Individual in this category adopt an innovation after the majority of the society has adopted and after seeing their relatives or neighbors. Such individuals are skeptical.
64. Laggards are last to adopt an innovation and their number is only 16%. They are traditional and possess almost no opinion leadership.
65. Communication is derived from Latin word ‘communis’ meaning ‘common’.
66. Communication is two way or double way process as teaching and learning are the process of communication where teacher acts as catalyst.
67. Key elements of communication are:
• Sender
• Message
• Message treatment (encoding)
• Communication channel
• Receiver
• Receiver Response
68. Communication systems are: KGS, KDS, and KCS.
69. Knowledge generating systems (KGS) are Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Universities, ICAR etc.
70. Knowledge Disseminating Systems (KDS) are Research Institutes, Universities, KVK, Private & Voluntary Organization.
71. Knowledge Consuming Systems: Farmers.
72. SWOT: Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats.
73. SWOT analysis helps in identifying, analyzing internal strength and weakness and also eternal opportunities, threats which shape current and future operations and further help in developing strategic goal.
74. The 4th Krishi Road Map (2023-2028) of Bihar is launched by President Draupadi Murmu.
75. National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) is situated in Hyderabad.
76. Farmer FIRST is an initiative of ICAR to move beyond production & productivity which focuses on farmers’ Farm, Innovations, Resources, Science, and Technology (FIRST). It aims to enhance the farmers-scientists interface for technology development and innovations.